SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS

This book is dedicated to my parents, Matsuo and Betty Okamoto
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Chapter1.Introduction1
1.1 Smart Antenna Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2Rapid Growth of Wireless LAN Systems............2
1.3 IEEE 802.11 and the Smart Wireless LAN System . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2.Background for Smart Antenna Systems 7
2.1Introduction............................ 7
2.2 Spatial Signature Definition................... 7
2.3Direction-of-Arrival Estimation................. 11
2.4Beamforming Techniques for Downlink............. 11
Chapter 3. IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard 17
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
3.2 Background on the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standard . . .17
3.3MAC Layer of the 802.11 System................19
3.3.1 The Challenges of Wireless Networking.........19
3.3.2 Protocol Design Objectives for IEEE 802.11 . . . . . .28
3.3.3 The 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
and Point Coordination Function (PCF) . . . . . . . .31
3.3.4 The 802.11 Power Saving Mechanism . . . . . . . . . .34
3.3.5 The 802.11 Network Synchronization . . . . . . . . . .37
3.3.6 The 802.11 Network Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
3.3.7 Operation of the 802.11 DCF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
3.3.8 Operation of the 802.11 PCF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.3.9 Smart Antenna Systems and the 802.11 MAC Protocol44
3.4PHY Layer of the 802.11 System................46
3.5Examples of Current Wireless LAN Products.........50
3.5.1 The Lucent Wave LAN DSSS System..........50
3.5.2 The Proxim Range LAN FHSS System..........52
3.5.3The Radio LAN Backbone LINK Narrow Band System .54
3.5.4 The JVC Office LAN IR System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Chapter4.Smart Wireless LAN System Design59
4.1Introduction...........................59
4.2 SWL Media Access Control Design...............60
4.3SWLPhysicalLayerDesign...................63
4.4 SWLDynamicSlotAssignmentAlgorithms.. ........68
4.5SWLTimingSynchronizationAlgorithms. ..........70
Chapter5.Experimental Setup for Smart Antenna Sys-
tems79
5.1Introduction............................79
5.2900MHz Test bed......................... 79
5.2.1Antenna Array.......................82
5.2.2RF/IFUnit........................83
5.2.3Distribution Boxes....................83
5.2.4MUX/DEMUX Boxes. . . . . . ... . . . .. . .. . .85
5.2.5High Speed I/O boardsand Sparc10 Workstation.. .85
5.2.6Stability of the Smart Antenna Testbed........87
5.31.8GHz BaseStation................. ......87
5.3.1Transmit/ReceiveBoard............... ..89
5.3.2SHARCBoard......................92
5.3.3VocodersandTelephoneHandsets.......... ..93
5.3.4Backplane..................... ....94
5.3.5Antenna Array................... ....96
5.41.8GHz Handset................... ......96
5.4.1 Transmit/Receive Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.4.2 DSP Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.4.3 Handset Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.5 Experimental Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.6 Low Earth Orbit Satellite Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Chapter 6. Experimental Results for SmartAntenna Sys-
tems 105
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
6.2CalculationofSpatialSignatureVariations...........106
6.3SpatialSignature StabilityforStationaryUsers........107
6.4SpatialSignatureVariationwithFrequencyShift.......113
6.5SpatialSignature Variation withDisplacement.. . . .. . . .113
6.6SpatialSignatureCorrelation forCloselySpacedTransmitters 119
6.7 Spatial Signature Variation Due to Small Displacement in Dif-
ferentMultipathEnvironments.................120
6.8MultipathAngleSpread.....................125
6.9 FeasibilityofDownlinkBeamforming..............130
6.10FadingReductionandDiversityGain..............133
6.11 Beamforming Algorithms for SIR Improvement . . . . . . . . 141
6.12LowEarthOrbitSatelliteEmulationResults. . . . . .. . .147
6.13SummaryofExperimentalResults...............153
Chapter7.ComputerSimulation Results 157
7.1Introduction............................157
7.2SIRPerformanceforBeamformingAlgorithms.........157
7.3DynamicSlotAllocationforWorst-CaseSINR. .. .. . .. .161
7.4DynamicSlotAllocationforCapacityIncrease.........166
7.5TimingSynchronizationResults.................171
7.6PhysicalLayerSimulation Results .. .. . . .... . ... ..179
7.7MediaAccessControlLayerSimulationResults........185
Chapter 8. Conclusion 193
Bibliography 197
Index 205

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